This Day In History

March 23rd 1933: Enabling Act passed

On this day in 1933, the German Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which made Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany. The law gave Chancellor Hitler legal powers to establish his dictatorship as it gave the Cabinet the power to enact laws independently of the legislature (the Reichstag). Its formal name was ‘Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich’. Hitler had been appointed Chancellor on January 30th, and just before the scheduled election, the Reichstag fire occurred. The Nazis used the incident to suggest a Communist revolution was imminent and passed the Reichstag Fire Decree which suspended civil liberties and habeas corpus. The Nazis failed to gain an absolute  majority in the Reichstag and so Hitler drafted the Enabling Act to secure his position. The Nazis pressured and threatened representatives of the Reichstag to pass the bill, positioning SA men and Nazi swastikas in and around the Reichstag. With the bill’s passing, Hitler’s dictatorship was assured, and thus began a regime which would last until 1945. As Joseph Goebbels wrote after the  passing of the act:

“The authority of the Führer has now been wholly established. Votes are no longer taken. The Führer decides. All this is going much faster than we had dared to hope.”

March 21st 1871: Otto von Bismarck becomes the first Chancellor of Germany

On this day in 1871, Otto von Bismarck became the first Chancellor the newly united German Empire. He had previously served as Minister President of Prussia, and oversaw the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) which together made up the German Unification Wars. The wars made Prussia dominant over Austria and France and allowed Bismarck to create the German Empire in 1871 out of the old Germanic states, thus essentially making him the father of Germany. Bismarck served as Chancellor until he was dismissed by the Kaiser in 1890 and during that time he had almost complete control over domestic and foreign policy and was known for his ‘revolutionary conservatism’. Bismarck has been called the greatest politician in history and has become known as the ‘Iron Chancellor’ due to his focus on military power.

“The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions…but by iron and blood.”

February 27th 1933: Reichstag fire

On this day in 1933 the Reichstag building in Berlin (which housed the German Parliament) was set on fire in an attempted arson attack. The newly instated Nazi government, led by Adolf Hitler as Chancellor, ordered a thorough hunt for the arsonist. The police identified the perpetrator as Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist; he and four Communist leaders were arrested. The Nazis used the event as evidence of a Communist plot against the German government, and Hitler urged President Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree to counter the Communist threat. With this passed, the Nazis were able to suspend civil liberties and arrest Communists. By arresting those who held seats in the German Parliament, the Nazis became the majority party and kept this majority in the subsequent elections, thus allowing the Nazi consolidation of power. Van der Lubbe and the others were tried in March in the famous ‘Reichstag Fire Trial’; Van der Lubbe was found guilty and executed by guillotine on January 10th 1934. However, his role has been questioned by historians with some even suggesting he was not responsible and that the fire was ordered by the Nazis themselves.

February 25th 1947: The State of Prussia ceases to exist

On this day in 1947 the state of Prussia, which had existed since 1525, ceased to exist. Prussia was a German kingdom, and in the 19th century became the most powerful state, rising in strength to challenge other established European powers. Bismarck aimed to unite all German states under the domination of Prussia, which was achieved through the German Unification Wars (Austro-Prussian War 1866 & Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871). As Prussia merged with Germany it lost its distinctive identity and in 1918 the royalty abdicated and nobility lost most of its political power. Under Nazi rule, Prussia lost its identity even more, with centralisation policies removing its autonomy. Prussia lost some territory in the post-war division of Germany into zones and the Western allies sought its full abolition. This was secured in Law 46 by the Allied Control Council, citing Prussia’s association with past militarism as the reason. Former Prussian territory was then re-organised. Prussia has since been vilified by Germans as a symbol of the militarism and obedience that led to the Nazi rise to power.

February 22nd 1943: Members of the White Rose group are executed in Nazi Germany

On this day in 1943 three members of the peaceful resistance movement in Nazi Germany, the White Rose, were executed. The White Rose comprised of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor and distributed leaflets protesting against the regime of Adolf Hitler. On 18th February 1943, the siblings Sophie and Hans Scholl were arrested by the Gestapo for being discovered distributing these leaflets. On the 22nd, the Scholls and Christoph Probst (the founding members of the group) were tried, found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. That same day the three were executed by guillotine at Stadelheim Prison. After their executions the remaining members were arrested and killed, thus ending their resistance movement.
The group’s motto was:

“We will not be silent. We are your bad conscience. The White Rose will not leave you in peace!”

On this day in 1945, the Soviet Red Army liberated the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Auschwitz was a network of concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany, and was used as the place of the “final solution of the Jewish question in Europe”. Jews and other groups were sent to the camps from 1942 onwards, where many were sent to their death in the gas chambers. Most of those who escaped the gas chambers died of starvation, disease, and execution by the Nazi guards. It is estimated that around 1.3 million people died there.

The Nazis had begun the evacuation of the camp on January 17th as the Red Army drew near. Around 7,500 remained in the camp and were liberated by the 322nd Rifle Division of the Red Army on January 27th.

Today, the site of the Auschwitz camp serves as a museum to remember the victims, and attracts thousands every year who come to pay their respects. This day is commemorated around the world as Holocaust Remembrance Day in order to remember the millions who lost their lives to the brutality of the Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler.

On this day in 1941, at a Reich Chancellery meeting, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler declared the immiment destruction of the Jewish race. Hitler and all of the highest ranking officials of the Nazi Party were present. World War Two had recently escalated, with the entrance of the United States and Japan on 7th December and Germany’s declaration of war on the US on 11th December. The meeting took place in private rooms rather than Hitler’s office and thus the only records of it are in the diaries of Joseph Goebbels and Hans Frank.

Joseph Goebbels noted Hitler’s words in his records:
“Regarding the Jewish question, the Führer is determined to clear the table. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their own destruction. Those were not empty words. Now the world war has come. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. This question is to be regarded without sentimentalism. We are not here to have sympathy with the Jews, but rather with our German people. If the German people have sacrificed 160,000 dead in the eastern campaign, so the authors of this bloody conflict will have to pay for it with their lives.”

The much more well-known Wannsee Conference in January 1942 marked the next step in the Nazis’ plans to exterminate the Jews, where senior bureaucrats worked on the ‘Final Solution to the Jewish problem’.  

The Reich Chancellery meeting marked a turning point in the Nazi regime’s attitude towards the Jewish people. It was part of a shift from propaganda, intimidation and attacks to outright and planned extermination.